►Most relevant organizations and resources
African Elephant Specialist Group
Technical resources for elephant conservation and management
Human-Elephant Conflict Working Group
Reviews and case studies
Save the Elephants
Research and conservation towards tolerant relationships - African Elephant Bibliography with over 4,500 titles of scientific papers
►Conservation projects addressing conflict -more useful links
Elephant Pepper Development Trust
Chillies not only deter elephants from crops, but also serve as a lucrative cash crop for the farmers
Living with Elephants Foundation
Dedicated to creating harmonious relationships between people and elephants in Bostwana
Savannah Elephant Vocalization Project
Understanding the "language" of elephants for their better
Elephants, Bees and Trees Project
How trees can gain protection from the little against the large
Elephant-human confrontations in Kenya's Ewaso-Ngiro ecosystem
Studies of elephant-human confrontations, like crop-raiding, in Laikipia
Elephant Awareness
Encouraging positive relationships between elephants and the Samburu people
►The problems - recent bibliography -more publications
Chiyo, P.I., E.P. Cochrane, L. Naughton and G. I. Basuta (2005).Temporal patterns of crop raiding by elephants: a response to changes in forage quality or crop availability? African Journal of Ecology 43: 48.[abstract] Crop availability is more important in forest habitats, whereas in savanna habitats large seasonal fluctuations in forage quality have a greater influence
Kahindi, O. (2001) Cultural perceptions of elephants by the Samburu people in northern Kenya M.Sc. Thesis. Strathclyde University, Scotland [pdf 1.2MB]
Sitati, N.W., M.J. Walpole, R.J. Smith and N. Leader-Williams (2003) Predicting spatial aspects of human-elephant conflict. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:667-677 [abstract]
Predicting where human-elephant conflict will take place is difficult, due to unpredictability in male elephant foraging behaviour and to variations in the data resolution of studies. Using GIS this study identified spatial correlates of conflict in unprotected elephant range adjacent to the Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya
►The solutions - recent bibliography -more publications
Karidozo, M. and F.V. Osborn (2005). Can bees deter elephants from raiding crops? An experiment in the communal lands of Zimbabwe Pachyderm No 39 [download pdf 270KB]
Osborn, F.V. (2002) Capsicum oleoresin as an elephant repellent: field trials in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. Journal of Wildlife Management, 66: 674-677 [abstract]
Madhusudan, M. D. (2003). Living amidst large wildlife: Livestock and crop depredation by large mammals in the interior villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, south India. Environmental Management 31: 466-475. [abstract] This study estimates the extent of material and monetary loss incurred by resident villagersin conflicts with large felines and elephants indicating that the compensation scheme has largely failed to achieve its objective of alleviating loss.
Osborn, F.V. and G.E. Parker (2003) Towards an integrated approach for reducing the conflict between elephants and people: a review of current research. Oryx 37(1): 1-5 [abstract] A review of the issues that influence the success and failure of methods used to reduce crop damage, suggesting that an integrated, community-based, low-tech approach will be the most sustainable solution.
►Practical conflict resolucion manuals -more manuals
NEW! Human-elephant conflict mitigation: A training course for community-based approaches in Africa.
By Parker, Osborn, Hoare and Niskanen (2007) A 'certified training product' of the African Elephant Specialist Group. Developed by some of Africa’s leading experts on human-elephant conflict, to equip mitigation practitioners with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively manage conflict at the site level. Trainer's Manual (pdf - 250 KG) Participant's Manual (pdf - 2 MB)
NEW! Review of options for managing the impacts of locally overabundant African elephants.
Balfour, Dublin, Fennessy, Gibson, Niskanen and Whyte, eds. (2007). IUCN, Switzerland. Focused on options to reduce the undesirable
ecological impact of elephants, including translocation and fertility control (pdf ~1 MB english, portuguese)
A decision support system (DSS) for HEC management aimed at wildlife authorities and conservation agencies
By Richard Hoare. 2001. Produced by the African Elephant Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, IUCN. A guide intended to give support to protected area managers, officials from wildlife authorities, technical personnel or researchers from conservation or agricultural agencies involved in human-elephant conflict management. It proposes a series logical steps to arrive at optimal management strategies suited to particular circumstances (pdf 785 KB)
Guidelines for the in situ translocation of the African elephant for conservation purposes
Edited by Holly Dublin & Leo Niskanen. 2003. Produced by the IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group in collaboration with Re-introduction and Veterinary Specialist Groups. The guide provides informed advice to decision-makers in African elephant range state governments, managers on the ground, non-governmental organizations, donors and other practitioners wishing to re-introduce or supplement African elephant populations for the primary purpose of conserving the African elephant in the long term (pdf 774 KB)
Living with Elephants II: A manual for implementing an integrated programme to reduce crop loss to elephants and to improve livelihood security
By Osborn, F.V. and Parker G.E. 2002. Zambezi Elephant Project, Zimbabwe. Designed to help communal farmers and wildlife managers mitigate the impact of wildlife upon small-scale agriculture. The guide presents an integrated approach to conflict mitigation, with methods that have been field-tested and designed to be replicated in different situations (pdf 1.4 MB)
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