►Most relevant organizations and resources
IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group - Information on primate species and conservation projects.
The Conservation Working Party of the Primate Society of Great Britain - A specialist interest group dedicated to all aspects of primate conservation, including applied research on human-primate conflict.
American Society of Primatologists - Promoting and encouraging the discovery and exchange of information regarding primates.
MSc Primate Conservation at Oxford Brookes University - An interdisciplinary approach, focusing on all aspects of primate conservation from human-wildlife conflicts to conservation education, captive breeding, and population genetics (in-house journal Canopy).
New initiative!:
Problem Primate Working Group A new working group of the Ape Alliance, for better dissemination of solutions to the problems of human and non-human primates conflict. Anyone with experience of problem primates and solutions that they would like to share please email problemprimate@4apes.com.
►Conservation projects addressing conflict -more useful links
Colobus Trust
Established to save the endangered Angolan colobus monkey, a frequent victim of roadkills and electrocution. webiste
Human-orangutan conflict research project
Born Free Foundation & Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology
Understanding the nature and extent of competition between orangutans and humans for land and food, and exploring ways in which local communities can be encouraged to identify and implement solutions to the problem. more
The Gashaka Primate Project - An international network of experts and students, with a focus on Gashaka-Gumti, Nigeria's largest National Park website
Biology and behaviour of baboons at Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria website- Part of the Gashaka Primate Project.
Budongo Conservation Field Station (formerly Budongo Forest Project) - Since 1990, blending research and conservation to ensure sustainable management and utilisation of the Budongo Forest Reserve,
in Uganda, including research on the impact of crop raiding by
wildlife on local people’s livelihood strategies
and how to reduce the number of chimpanzees that are maimed or killed by snares, traps and weapons used by people guarding crops. more
►The problems - recent bibliography -more publications
Boulton A.M., Horrocks J.A. and Baulu J. (1996). The Barbados vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus): changes in population size and crop damage, 1980-1994. International Journal of Primatology 17:831-844. [abstract]
Brennan E.J., Else J.G. and Altmann J. (1985) Ecology and behaviour of a pest primate: vervet monkeys in a tourist-lodge habitat. African Journal of Ecology 23:35-44 [abstract]
de Freitas C. H., Setz, E. Z. F., Arauj , AR. B. et al. (2008) Agricultural crops in the diet of bearded capuchin monkeys, Cebus libidinosus Spix (Primates: Cebidae), in forest fragments in southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25(1):32-39 [abstract] Feeding on crops highest when zoochorous fruit production was low in forest fragments.
Hill, C. M. (2004) Farmers' perspectives of conflict at the wildlife-agriculture boundary: Some lessons learned from African subsistence farmers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9: 279 - 286 [abstract] Why perceived risk of crop loss to wildlife is often significantly greater than any actual risk.
Hill, C.M. (2002). Primate conservation and local communities - Ethical issues and debates. American Anthropologist. 104(4): 1184-1194 [abstract]
Hill C.M. (1999). Conflict of interest between people and baboons: crop raiding in Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 21:299-315. [abstract]
Knight, J. (1999) Monkeys on the Move: The Natural Symbolism of People-Macaque Conflict in Japan. The Journal of Asian Studies 58: 622-647 (URL)
Lee, P.C. and Priston, N.E.C. (2005) Perceptions of Pests: Human Attitudes to Primates, Conflict and Consequences for Conservation. In. J. D. Paterson. (ed.) Commensalism and Conflict: The Primate-Human Interface. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Hignell Printing.
(available online)
Naughton-Treves, L., Treves, A., Chapman, C.A. & Wrangham, R.W. (1998) Temporal patterns of crop raiding by primates: Linking food availability in croplands and adjacent forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 596–606 [abstract] Planting agroforestry buffers along park edges creates ideal habitat for crop-raiders.
Priston, N. E. C. (2005). Crop-Raiding by Macaca Ochreata Brunnescens in Sulawesi: Reality, Perceptions and Outcomes for Conservation, PhD thesis, University of Cambridge Cambridge (available online)
Riley, E. P. (2007) The human–macaque interface: Conservation implications of current and future overlap and conflict in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. American Anthropologist, 109: 473-484 [abstract] Current patterns of overlapping resource use may not be severely affecting the tonkean macaques or villagers in Lindu, but research points to possible future difficulty.
Saj T.L., Sicotte P. and Paterson J.D. (2001). The conflict between vervet monkeys and farmers at the forest edge in Entebbe, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 39: 195-199 [abstract]
Siex, K.S. and Struhsaker, T.T. (1999) Colobus monkeys and coconuts: a study of perceived human-wildlife conflicts. Journal of Applied Ecology 36:1009-1020 [abstract] No significant negative impact on coconut harvest and a source of tourist revenue: the importance of scientific documentation of perceived human–wildlife conflicts.
Tweheyo, M., Hill, C.M. & Obua, J. (2005) Patterns of crop raiding by primates around the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda Wildlife Biology 11: 237-247 [abstract] Using chimpanzees as a case study, patterns of crop damage across the year are compared with seasonal fluctuations in availability of wild foods.
Warren, Y., Buba, B.and Ross, C.(2007) Patterns of crop-raiding by wild and domestic animals near Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria. International Journal of Pest Management 53, 207-216 [abstract] Tantalus monkeys caused the most damage. Farmers with fields closer to wildlife refuges are more likely to experience greater losses. Pro-active guarding could reduce crop losses in Gashaka.
Wong, C.L. and Ni, I-H. (1999) Population dynamics of the feral macaques in the Kowloon Hills of Hong Kong. American Journal of Primatology 50: 53-66 [abstract] Vital statistics as a first step in resolving the problems of human provisioning and wildlife management.
Wright, J. 2004. The primate pet trade in indonesia: A rural perspective. BSc Dissertation, Geography. University of Manchester [abstract] [pdf ~750KB] Negative attitudes towards wild primates, and the primary reason for the acquisition of primates as pets, stem from the human/primate conflicts induced by human encroachment and the crop-raiding behaviour of macaques.
►The solutions - recent bibliography -more publications
Ekwal I., Yahya H. S. A. and Malik I. (2002). A successful mass translocation of commensal rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta in Vrindaban, India. Oryx 36:87-93 [abstract] This study indicates that trans-location of commensal monkeys from townships to forested areas can be a successful technique
Estrada, A. (2006) Human and non-human primate co-existence in the Neotropics: A preliminary view of some agricultural practices as a complement for primate conservation. Ecological and Environmental Anthropology 2:17-29 [abstract] [pdf ~670KB] Possible benefits of presence and activities of primates to agroecosystems, and the value some agricultural practices for primate conservation in the Neotropics.
Fuentes, A. (2006) Human-nonhuman primate interconnections and their relevance to anthropology. Ecological and Environmental Anthropology 2:1-11 [abstract] [pdf ~90KB] On the need for increased focus of the anthropological gaze towards the human-nonhuman primate interface.
Pirta R.S., Gadgil M. and Kharshikar A.V. (1997). The management of the rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta and hanuman langur Presbytis entellus in Himachal Pradesh, India. Biological Conservation 79:97-106. [abstract]
Sprague, D and Iwasaki N. (2006) Coexistence and exclusion between humans and monkeys in Japan: Is either really possible? Ecological and Environmental Anthropology 2:30-43 [abstract] [pdf ~1.2MB] Agricultural extension programs aimed at reducing the attractiveness of farmland and villages as feeding sites to monkeys, should also encourage rural communities to reformulate their relationship with monkeys.
Webber A.D., Hill C.M. and Reynolds V. (2007) Assessing the failure of a community-based human-wildlife conflict mitigation project in Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda Oryx, 41:177-184 [abstract] The sustainability of the live-trap programme and the importance of recognizing and reporting failures.
►Practical conflict resolucion manuals -more manuals
Crop raiding primates. Searching for alternative, humane ways to resolve conflicts with farmers in Africa. Sillero-Zubiri & Switzer (pdf 574 KB)
Baboons on the Cape Peninsula: A guide for residents and visitors
By Ruth Kansky (2002). A joint production from Baboon Management Team International Fund for Animal welfare, IFAW. (pdf 8MB)
► News & meetings
 10 July 2008 Water is scarce and baboons aren’t in the mood of sharing (Kenya)
Standard - In Garba-Tulla District scrambles for water between baboons and residents left four children injured. more
 Primate human conflict at the IPS 2008 The International Primatological Society XXII Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland, gathered over 1200 delegates from 58 countries. Read abstracts of presentations most directly linked to primate-human conflict.
18–21 September 2009 - 32nd Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists.
San Diego, USA website
12–18 September 2010 -
International Primatological Society's XXIII Congress. Quest for Coexistence with Nonhuman Primates.
Kyoto, Japan website
|
